Most satellite operators today have never experienced anything like the Halloween 2003 storm.' 'But if a geomagnetic storm on the level of the 2003 event were to occur today, the situation could be very different. 'Fortunately, the Halloween storm did not cause any major collisions that we know of,' write Berger and his co-authors. This is a problem because, when you're in a shooting gallery, you can't dodge the bullets unless you know where they are. The Halloween Storms created far larger uncertainties. Simulations show that even moderate geomagnetic storms can shift the position of a satellite by 10 km or more. The extra power puffed up the atmosphere, sharply increasing aerodynamic drag.'ДЄbove: A simulation of orbital position errors caused by a moderate geomagnetic storm for 2,653 objects in the USAF catalog. 'We didn't feel it down on the planet's surface, but it was a big event for Earth orbiting satellites. 'The Halloween storms pumped an extra 3 Terrawatts of power into Earth's upper atmosphere,' explains Martin Mlynczak, principal investigator of NASA's SABER spacecraft, which measured the energy dump. During the Halloween storms, they recalled, 'the majority of satellites were temporarily lost, requiring several days of around-the-clock work to reestablish. In a 2020 paper entitled ' Flying Through Uncertainty,' a team of researchers led by Thomas Berger at the University of Colorado's Space Weather Technology, Research, and Education Center report a little-known anecdote from USAF satellite operators. Many of Earth's satellites were misplaced. There's a dawning awareness that something else important happened, too. Goddard's Space Science Mission Operations Team estimates that 59% of NASA's Earth and space science satellites were affected. Some operators simply gave up and turned their instruments off. Many Earth-orbiting satellites experienced reboots and even unwanted thruster firings. Powerful CMEs struck Earth's magnetic field only 19 hours later, sparking 3 days of severe to extreme geomagnetic storms.ДЄn after action report from NOAA lists some of the storm's side effects: Commercial airlines scrambled to redirect flights from the poles, where radiation levels were suddenly high.В Each detour cost as much as $100,000. Space weather forecasters were talking about how quiet things would soon become when, suddenly, the sun unleashed two of the strongest solar flares of the Space Age: An X17 flare on Oct. To understand why, turn back the clock 18 years to the Halloween Storms of October 2003, when our planet 'lost' half its satellites.ДЄbove: Northern Lights over Houston, Texas, on Oct. Littering Earth orbit with debris is never a good idea.

Debris came so close to the ISS that astronauts took shelter in their crew capsules, just in case they had to abandon ship. 15, 2021, a missile launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome struck Kosmos 1408, shattering the old satellite into thousands of pieces. SPACE WEATHER AND THE RUSSIAN ASAT STRIKE: Russia just destroyed one of its own satellites. With wind speeds near 600 km/s, the stream is causing minor geomagnetic unrest around the Arctic Circle. THE SOLAR WIND IS BLOWING: Earth is inside a stream of solar wind flowing from a southern hole in the sun's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining-a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays. Credit: SDO/HMIД¬osmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is beginning, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. All of these sunspots have simple 'alpha-class' magnetic fields that pose no threat for strong solar flares.

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